Interesting question regards engines...there is one on eBay at the moment for about £650 (ish) I think. However, they can be slightly more or even less depending on condition and miles, etc. They are re-buildable in the event of a belt failure, but I decided the cost of new valves was too high, so went for a spare car with a donor engine. Spare parts cars are becoming more difficult to find these days and the prices are creeping up as a consequence. I have a feeling that at least one bank of valves is the same as the S2 head and they are a bit more 'available' as there are more of those around, so if the worst happens you could strip an S2 head for at least some of the valves. However, you cant use an S2 head on an S engine... The pistons rarely get damaged apart from some small contact marks.
My first S was an 87 on a D plate, but I think the S became available late in 86? (someone with knowledge of production details could chip in here) Current one is an 88 on an E, the donor I stripped was an 88 on an F.
Update - just checked a few sites, many are suggesting that late 86 was when the S was available...(Frankfurt motor show 1986 - official release)
Some people have untaken the engine swap, but it is not a trivial task, so the chances are that yours is original. One way to tell is look at the instrument cluster. The S had a higher rev range than the standard 944, so the red line is marked at 6800 revs. Anything less than that and you might have had an engine swap...? Also, another dead giveaway is the ignition module should be mounted on a factory-fitted bracket on the inner wing just behind the passenger headlight well, under the expansion tank. If this is anything other than original, again it could be an engine swap.
Another way to find out is decode the VIN, there are several sites that should help, or simply contact Porsche themselves..
Update - The S also had a small switch on the side of the power steering pump, I think this was the only model to have this...